2-Hydroxybutyric acid is formed as a by-product of the formation of alpha-ketobutyrate via a reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alphaHBDH).

24-norursodeoxycholic acid is a side chain-shortened C23 homolog of UDCA.It has shown potent anti-inflammatory, anti-cholestatic, and anti-fibrotic properties.It is a Ursodeoxycholic Acid derivative. It is superior to Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of sclerosing cholangitis in Mdr2 (Abcb4) knockout mice24-norUrsodeoxycholic acid markedly improved liver tests and liver histology and significantly reduced hydroxyproline content and the number of infiltrating neutrophils and proliferating hepatocytes and cholangiocytes.?

ARRY 520 hydrochloride is a kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitor.ARRY 520 hydrochloride induces cell death by apoptosis and has potent anti-proliferative activity.